Cappadocia Underground Cities: Derinkuyu & Kaymaklı Complete Guide
Cappadocia's underground cities are among the most fascinating archaeological sites in Turkey. These massive underground complexes, carved into the soft volcanic rock, served as refuges for early Christians and offer a unique glimpse into ancient life.
History of Underground Cities
Early Christian Period (2nd-7th centuries AD)
The underground cities were primarily built by early Christians seeking refuge from Roman persecution. These massive complexes could house thousands of people for extended periods.
Byzantine Period (4th-15th centuries AD)
The cities were expanded and improved during the Byzantine era, with more sophisticated ventilation systems and defensive features.
Ottoman Period (15th-20th centuries AD)
The underground cities were used as storage facilities and temporary shelters during times of conflict.
Derinkuyu Underground City
Overview:
- Depth: 8 levels (85 meters deep)
- Capacity: Up to 20,000 people
- Discovery: 1963
- UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site
Key Features:
- Ventilation Shafts: 52 air shafts for fresh air
- Water Wells: Multiple water sources
- Living Quarters: Bedrooms, kitchens, dining areas
- Religious Areas: Churches and chapels
- Defensive Features: Rolling stone doors, narrow passages
What to See:
- Main Entrance: Large stone door that could be sealed
- Ventilation System: Impressive air circulation
- Living Areas: Bedrooms and common spaces
- Kitchen Areas: Cooking and food storage
- Wine Cellars: Grape processing areas
- Churches: Religious worship spaces
- Meeting Rooms: Community gathering areas
Visiting Information:
- Opening Hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM (winter), 8:00 AM - 7:00 PM (summer)
- Admission: 100 TL (2025)
- Guided Tours: Available in multiple languages
- Duration: 1-2 hours
- Accessibility: Not suitable for claustrophobic visitors
Kaymaklı Underground City
Overview:
- Depth: 8 levels (45 meters deep)
- Capacity: Up to 15,000 people
- Discovery: 1964
- UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site
Key Features:
- Wider Passages: More spacious than Derinkuyu
- Multiple Entrances: Several access points
- Storage Areas: Large food storage rooms
- Living Quarters: Family living spaces
- Religious Areas: Churches and chapels
What to See:
- Entrance Hall: Large welcoming area
- Storage Rooms: Food and supply storage
- Living Quarters: Family bedrooms
- Kitchen Areas: Cooking facilities
- Wine Cellars: Grape processing
- Churches: Religious worship spaces
- Defensive Areas: Security features
Visiting Information:
- Opening Hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM (winter), 8:00 AM - 7:00 PM (summer)
- Admission: 100 TL (2025)
- Guided Tours: Available in multiple languages
- Duration: 1-2 hours
- Accessibility: Better for claustrophobic visitors than Derinkuyu
Other Underground Cities
Özkonak Underground City
- Location: 14 km from Avanos
- Features: Smaller but well-preserved
- Special: Unique communication system between levels
Tatlarin Underground City
- Location: Near Acıgöl
- Features: Well-preserved frescoes
- Special: Religious artwork
Mazı Underground City
- Location: Near Ürgüp
- Features: Large storage areas
- Special: Wine production facilities
Planning Your Visit
Best Time to Visit:
- Morning: 9:00-11:00 AM (fewer crowds)
- Afternoon: 2:00-4:00 PM (good lighting)
- Avoid: Peak tourist hours (11:00 AM - 2:00 PM)
What to Wear:
- Comfortable Shoes: Uneven surfaces and stairs
- Layers: Temperature varies between levels
- Long Pants: Protection from rough surfaces
- Light Jacket: Cooler underground
What to Bring:
- Camera: Amazing photo opportunities
- Water: Stay hydrated
- Flashlight: Some areas may be dimly lit
- Cash: For admission and tips
Safety Considerations
Physical Requirements:
- Mobility: Some areas require crawling or crouching
- Stairs: Many steep and narrow staircases
- Claustrophobia: Not suitable for claustrophobic visitors
- Fitness Level: Moderate physical fitness required
Safety Tips:
- Stay with Group: Don't wander off alone
- Follow Guide: Listen to safety instructions
- Watch Your Head: Low ceilings in some areas
- Take Breaks: Rest when needed
Guided Tours vs. Self-Guided
Guided Tours:
- Pros: Expert knowledge, safety, context
- Cons: Less flexibility, group pace
- Cost: 200-300 TL per person
- Duration: 2-3 hours
Self-Guided:
- Pros: Your own pace, more time
- Cons: Less information, safety concerns
- Cost: Admission only
- Duration: 1-2 hours
Photography Tips
Best Photo Spots:
- Entrance Areas: Dramatic lighting
- Ventilation Shafts: Unique perspectives
- Living Quarters: Historical context
- Churches: Religious significance
- Defensive Features: Engineering marvels
Camera Settings:
- ISO: 800-1600 for low light
- Aperture: f/2.8-f/4 for depth of field
- Shutter Speed: 1/30s or faster
- Flash: Use sparingly, respect other visitors
Getting There
From Göreme:
- Distance: 30 km to Derinkuyu, 20 km to Kaymaklı
- Transport: Organized tours, rental car, or taxi
- Time: 30-45 minutes
From Nevşehir:
- Distance: 25 km to Derinkuyu, 15 km to Kaymaklı
- Transport: Bus, taxi, or rental car
- Time: 20-30 minutes
Organized Tours:
- Full Day: Underground cities + other attractions
- Half Day: Underground cities only
- Private: Customized experience
- Group: Shared experience with other travelers
Nearby Attractions
Ihlara Valley:
- Distance: 30 km from Derinkuyu
- Features: Hiking, rock-cut churches
- Time: 2-3 hours
Selime Monastery:
- Distance: 25 km from Derinkuyu
- Features: Rock-cut monastery, panoramic views
- Time: 1-2 hours
Belisırma Village:
- Distance: 20 km from Derinkuyu
- Features: Traditional village, local crafts
- Time: 1 hour
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How deep are the underground cities?
A: Derinkuyu is 85 meters deep, Kaymaklı is 45 meters deep.
Q: How many people could live there?
A: Derinkuyu could house up to 20,000 people, Kaymaklı up to 15,000.
Q: Are the underground cities safe to visit?
A: Yes, they are regularly maintained and inspected for safety.
Q: Can children visit the underground cities?
A: Yes, but some areas may be challenging for very young children.
Q: How long should I spend at each city?
A: Plan 1-2 hours for each underground city.
Conclusion
The underground cities of Cappadocia are remarkable examples of ancient engineering and human ingenuity. Whether you visit Derinkuyu or Kaymaklı (or both), you'll gain a deep appreciation for the challenges faced by early Christians and the incredible solutions they developed. Plan your visit carefully, wear appropriate clothing, and prepare for an unforgettable journey into the depths of Cappadocian history.
